The global tipping divide
Professor Michael Lynn at Cornell University has spent decades studying tipping behavior across cultures. His landmark 1993 study with George Zinkhan and Judy Harris counted how many of 33 service professions are customarily tipped in each of 30 countries, then tested whether the differences track national values. They mostly do, but not the way you might guess.
its values predicted lots of tipping, yet almost no one tips there.
The pattern surprised the researchers. Across all 30 countries, tipping reached more professions where scores on Geert Hofstede’s power distance and uncertainty avoidance scales were higher. With Japan set aside as an outlier, masculinity joined them, and individualist countries tipped in fewer professions, not more, though individualism explained nothing once the other values were taken into account. To explain Japan, the authors suggest, without testing it, that on, the Japanese sense of a debt of gratitude, may be the answer: a tip creates exactly the kind of obligation between near strangers that people there prefer to avoid.
Sources: Lynn, Zinkhan & Harris, “Consumer Tipping: A Cross-Country Study,” Journal of Consumer Research, 1993; Lynn & Lynn, “National Values and Tipping Customs: A Replication and Extension,” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 2004; NYC Tourism + Conventions, “Tipping, Payments and Sales Tax”; JNTO, “Tipping in Japan” (both checked November 2026)